Insect–host relationships influencing disturbance by the spruce budworm in a boreal mixedwood forest

نویسندگان

  • V. G. Nealis
  • J. Régnière
چکیده

Demographic data from a 15-year outbreak of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in a boreal mixedwood forest in Ontario, Canada, are used to interpret stand-level ecological disturbance in terms of susceptibility and vulnerability (mortality) of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP). All three host-tree species are highly susceptible for oviposition by the spruce budworm and all are suitable for completion of the budworm life cycle. Host-related differences in susceptibility arise from the degree of synchrony between spruce budworm phenology during the feeding stages and host-tree phenology. Spruce budworm density was highest on white spruce throughout the budworm’s life cycle and over the course of the outbreak, but more rapid flushing and growth of current-year buds in white spruce reduced damage relative to that on balsam fir. Conversely, later flushing of current-year buds on black spruce led to a reduction in budworm density early in the season and a corresponding reduction in defoliation. The combination of high budworm densities and severe defoliation caused mortality first on balsam fir. By the end of the outbreak, 89% of the balsam fir component >10 cm DBH was eliminated compared with 49% of the white spruce in the same size class. The lower susceptibility of black spruce resulted in survival of all but the smallest size classes of that species. Nonhost species such as trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) nearly doubled their basal area during the outbreak. The results link processes inherent in the insect–host relationship with the population ecology of the insect and the disturbance ecology of the forest. Résumé : Des données démographiques provenant d’une épidémie de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae), qui a duré 15 ans dans une forêt boréale mélangée en Ontario, au Canada, ont été utilisées pour comprendre la perturbation écologique à l’échelle du peuplement en termes de susceptibilité et de vulnérabilité (mortalité) du sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), de l’épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) et de l’épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP). Les trois espèces d’arbres hôtes sont très susceptibles à l’oviposition de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette et toutes conviennent pour permettre à la tordeuse de compléter son cycle vital. Les différences de susceptibilité entre les hôtes reposent sur le degré de synchronisme entre la phénologie de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette durant les stades larvaires et la phénologie des arbres hôtes. La densité de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette était la plus élevée sur l’épinette blanche durant tout le cycle vital de la tordeuse et pendant toute la durée de l’épidémie mais le débourrement et la croissance plus rapide des bourgeons de l’année chez l’épinette blanche a réduit les dommages comparativement à ceux subis par le sapin baumier. À l’inverse, le développement tardif des bourgeons de l’année chez l’épinette noire a entraîné une réduction de la densité de la tordeuse tôt dans la saison et une réduction correspondante de la défoliation. Les fortes densités de tordeuses combinées à une défoliation sévère ont d’abord causé de la mortalité chez le sapin baumier. Vers la fin de l’épidémie, 89 % des sapins baumiers dont le DHP était > 10 cm avaient été éliminés comparativement à 49 % des épinettes blanches dans la même classe de diamètre. Étant donné la moins grande susceptibilité de l’épinette noire, toutes les classes d’âge ont survécu chez cette espèce, à l’exception de la plus petite. Les espèces non hôtes comme le peuplier faux-tremble (Populus tremuloides Michx.) ont presque doublé leur surface terrière pendant l’épidémie. Les résultats mettent en relation les processus inhérents à la relation hôte–insecte avec l’écologie de la population de l’insecte et l’écologie des perturbations de la forêt. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Nealis and Régnière 1882 Can. J. For. Res. 34: 1870–1882 (2004) doi: 10.1139/X04-061 © 2004 NRC Canada 1870 Received 25 July 2003. Accepted 1 April 2004. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjfr.nrc.ca on 24 September 2004. V.G. Nealis.1 Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. J. Régnière. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 P.E.P.S. Street, Quebec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).

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تاریخ انتشار 2004